How can teachers prepare lessons and lesson planning attention to points

 Teachers preparing lessons based on curriculum requirements and the characteristics of the discipline and students practical, select appropriate teaching methods, design and optimization of teaching programs to ensure the smooth and effective student learning a series of preparatory work. It is the leading full play the role of teachers, a prerequisite for doing a good job teaching the same time, do a good job preparing lessons, but also the teachers to constantly improve their professional level, an important guarantee for the development of teaching ability. So how does a good job preparing lessons. The author of its own experience to talk about his own views.
one, lesson planning process to pay attention to the five aspects of lesson planning as a teacher before class
an important preparatory work has attracted interest of many teachers, and preparing lessons on how to do a good job carried out in-depth exploration , I believe that teachers do a good job preparing lessons must grasp the following important aspects:
1. in the Teachers in the difficult, difficult to break through to the students to consider the practical (knowledge structure, age, characteristics and understanding of the law).
2. in the Teachers in lesson planning process not only to study materials, but also to understand the importance of students, teachers should teach students on the actual situation of the in-depth research on the characteristics of students to be well known, so that the materials handling and the choice of teaching more in line with the actual students. Teachers in the
3. in the Currently, many different types of teaching methods, such as the teaching method, that method, problem method, discussion, observation, experiment, etc., these teaching methods have advantages and strengths of each, but no one can absolutely say which method Well, what kind of method is not good. A class may only use a method to achieve good results, while another class may need to use a variety of methods. In addition, from the perspective of students, different teaching object, even if the knowledge is the same or similar points, but also must be taken to different teaching methods. Therefore, when each teacher should not be applied mechanically in the choice of teaching methods, and research should focus on whether the use of teaching education, to better reflect the pleasure principle can fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of students. Only starting from the teaching content, the reality from the students to design a truly flexible application of the fine work teaching in order to truly reflect the characteristics of each teacher's own teaching, or, even if recognized by many teachers teaching, such as isolation use, or mechanical work are difficult to use also, and even counterproductive.
4. in the Classroom practice is an important part of classroom teaching, so teachers must closely focusing on the teaching purpose and key points of classroom exercises designed to be targeted, focused approach to flexible. The current practice in the classroom mainly the following questions: First, light weight training speakers, the dominant role of teachers, Second, the blindness of exercises designed large, the lack of highly targeted; third is too large amount of classroom exercises, students running around in circles, not leaving time for students to thinking; Fourth, classroom exercises monotone, non-hierarchical and slope ; five teachers in the students to practice correct the error in ignoring this part of knowledge is not conducive to digestion and good study habits of students. Because of this, recommended that each classroom teacher to practice in the implementation of the attention the following points: the process of doing the exercises in the student teachers should pay attention to inspections and timely feedback for practice; on the students to practice the problems in a timely manner to explain, to appear errors must be corrected; In the process teachers should pay attention to students with learning difficulties for individual counseling, while students should also be complemented by the rich can afford it or think the integrated use of the subject.
5. in the The purpose of homework is arranged to enable students to further digest and consolidate the knowledge and skills, students apply their knowledge and skills to analyze and solve problems. Teachers in the in the form to do from imitation to originality, to change from the typical style, fully embodies the principle of gradual and orderly progress; Third, we must pay attention to the mastery of knowledge and training skills combined to achieve mastery of knowledge through work, through job training skills; Fourth, note that amount. Operation of the arrangement should be concise, focus of operations should be confusing for students, easy to ignore the teaching of key content; Fifth, pay attention to moderate. Assignments teachers should give full consideration to the students of the hierarchy, in order to moderate difficulty, to reflect the gradient, and advocates for students with different levels of the different arrangement of the different operations.
Turning to Often in practice there are three Clearly, both assignments of teachers in how much effort it took before, and expect to receive satisfactory results, but if so Therefore, teachers should work towards closing time, batch time, talk time, paying particular attention to the feedback collected through the job back important information, and suggested lesson plans for each teacher a note or a postscript in the column of good records this information, the information really play operation important role.
Second, the teachers in lesson preparation process should pay attention to several issues related to preparing lessons
should pay attention to the problem are also discussed in the previous few, but there are several points I would like to briefly put forward (limited space, no longer details) is for colleagues to discuss.
1. teachers in lesson planning process, we should focus more on teaching the acceptability of the object. Teachers in preparing lessons must take full account of their teaching objects that are teaching students the characteristics and acceptability to the focus of efforts to make textbooks difficult to accept change and difficult content as easy to accept. Once out of any good teaching methods to adapt teaching to its object, may become powerless.
2. teachers in lesson preparation to take full account of their own reality. As the saying goes, prepare lessons, do not speak good classes, so teachers must prepare lessons and so can speak with their primary prerequisite for a good lesson, each teacher's knowledge structure, personality and ways of thinking are different, so follow blindly or mechanically there is bound to backfire in the end.
3. teachers in lesson planning process to focus on teaching and learning activities educational. Teaching is not simply to impart knowledge and training skills, but to promote the overall development of students. Therefore, teachers must not only take into account when preparing lessons on how to enable students to acquire knowledge and skills, but also focus on teaching students to develop good moral character manipulation habits and personality traits, self teaching and educating people to do both. Cultivation is the main channel to achieve teaching penetration, it has aroused the attention of teachers, research and design in the classroom during lesson preparation process of infiltration to pay special attention to: class penetration must not be rigid, booted cap style , but must be Dead Poets Society, subtle, and only root out the infiltration of material, infiltration study art, can we truly have.

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Men eat food every day

 Recently, the U.S. men's magazine recently published an article entitled Look, I feel that these types of food in our lives is common, and cheaper, are worth promoting. including spinach among the best.
1, spinach
about spinach, we always feel inside of folic acid are more prone to eat stones. But some experts pointed out: folic acid is important for men. Folic acid can help not only strong biceps contraction, but also the same with the spinach together with the 3 fatty acids to provide the energy needed for muscle growth, but also make the muscles more sensitive to insulin, is conducive to increase the muscle to reduce fat.
U.S. experts believe that the muscle can promote the growth of spinach, spinach contains 3 fatty acids and folic acid for the synthesis of muscle to provide some energy, folic acid can also speed up access to reproductive organs of blood circulation, improve sexual performance.
for the elderly, the spinach, a prominent advantage is its rich in lutein to delay the age-related macular deterioration. Eat spinach can prevent the aging human retina detached, as spinach contain antioxidants, can prevent the elderly eye


2, yogurt
There is a saying in life: men who drink milk, yogurt better nourished women. In fact, not only women yogurt drink, men drink more. Because yogurt during fermentation, resulting in proteolytic enzymes, which break down some of the protein resulting from a large number of amino acids, which is more easily absorbed by the body.
when lactic acid bacteria through the digestive tract (large intestine, small intestine) plays the role of bacterial and antiseptic, in the regulation of intestinal microbial flora balance. Long-term consumption of acid bacteria can reduce cholesterol levels. Prevent cataract formation.


3, tomatoes
tomatoes rich in vitamin C, is the preferred anti-cancer fruits and vegetables, tomatoes are some of the sweet, sour, slightly cold, there is thirst, stomach digestion, cooling Pinggan, detoxify, reduce the effect of blood pressure, high blood pressure, kidney patients have a good adjuvant therapy.
especially men eating tomatoes can increase the reproductive cells. Scrambled eggs with tomatoes is a good nutritional food, oh.


4, carrots
carrots in our people, known as Carotene in the human body can be transformed into vitamin A. In recent years, found that people who lack vitamin A, cancer incidence rates 2 times higher than the average person.
If you eat the right amount every day carrots, can greatly reduce the incidence of lung cancer, even cancer cells have been transformed inhibited. Practice shows that the carrot has anti-cancer, anti-cancer effect. In addition, it also has the role of eye protection.


5, blueberries, strawberries, purple grapes
their nutritional value is similar to Take for instance purple grapes, its juice contains a high polyphenol antioxidants, the most active. Followed by apple juice and sour fruit juice, and orange juice polyphenol content in the least.
antioxidants protect the body against free radical damage play a key role, which the body by inhibiting the oxidation of free radicals to maintain balance, aging, and reduce diseases such as cancer and heart disease risk.


6, black beans
black beans have the reputation of the king of beans. Black beans, mainly in India, Burma and Pakistan and other countries, rich in protein, vitamin E, B complex, calcium, iron, linoleic acid and lecithin and other ingredients, in ancient times, many pharmacopoeias, have been recorded in black with Totale, eyesight, UFA, make the skin become white and tender
such as the Tang Dynasty seventeen, to the old is not bad Shows the nutritional value of black beans.


7, walnut
walnut called longevity food. Rich in fat, which contains lipids are linoleic acid glycerides, and linolenic acid and oleic acid and glycerol on the reduction of elevated cholesterol in the blood useful for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease patients. Walnuts contain a higher phospholipid can maintain normal cell metabolism, strengthen cell activity, to prevent the decline of brain cells is a good brain food.
choline phospholipids in the liver cells can promote fat metabolism, thereby reducing the degree of fatty liver, walnut contains more lysine, can increase serum albumin and weight maintenance, the treatment of cancer, tuberculosis and other consumption disease benefit, and walnuts contain juglone, the inhibitory effect of certain transplanted tumors


8, oats
oats can effectively reduce cholesterol in the body, regular consumption of cerebrovascular disease play a central role in prevention; of diabetic patients also had a very good sugar, lose weight; pass stool oatmeal has the role of Many elderly people dry stool, easily lead to cerebral vascular accident, oats constipation can answer this concern; it can improve blood circulation, ease the pressure of life and work; contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and other minerals, the prevention of bone osteoporosis, to promote wound healing and prevent anemia in effect, is to share and calcium; oats contain extremely rich in linoleic acid, fatty liver, diabetes, edema, constipation, also have secondary effects.
work under increasing pressure of modern man, in order to better cope with the work of health. In fact, as long as the attention to diet, eat some good food, healthy men is not difficult to do. To this end, recommend a friend of eight healthy men of great benefit to food.
man needs health, sometimes dietary conditioning is stronger than any medication.

nine, an Apple Care center weight loss
the probability of a man is a woman suffering from coronary heart disease 3 times. Dutch scientists found that eating an apple a day can reduce the prevalence of coronary heart disease by 50%. If one day a week for as the Apple still has a slimming effect, in the


ten, two oranges Huwei Cancer
men than women in the stomach and the stomach is much higher utilization rate, the probability of gastric cancer is also high. Australian medical experts found that eating two citrus fruit a day can make the risk of gastric cancer by 50%.


XI, 3 watermelon is equivalent to a
lot of citrulline in watermelon has the Good men eat watermelon, but the stomach is necessary to restrain bad about male friends, because watermelon is cold food, eat a lot of stomach would have been affected.




second, 10 strokes of grape blocking
men the probability of heart disease and stroke than women big. As long as we eat 10 grapes, it is best not to peel, you can easily solve the problem.
2 to 4 times a week to eat spinach can achieve the purpose to protect eyesight.


XIII, 20 Cherry against arthritis
often easy to get the man running outdoors arthritis. Often eat cherries or drinking cherry juice can prevent arthritis. Eat 20 with a sour cherry, you can basically control the pain of arthritis.


fourth, 50 Kernan seeds protect the prostate


fifth, eat wolfberry kidney strong vitality
kidney has been a required course for men. Kidney is a man's backbone. Popular form of compensation in the past to shape, that class and seafood to eat offal kidney effect can be achieved. But the visceral type and seafood food often lead to high cholesterol and high blood pressure and other issues. For middle-aged male friends, can not not care cholesterol. Probably rich in vitamin E, and cholesterol-free foods are good kidney and products, and wolfberry is undoubtedly the first choice. Also black sesame, walnut are recommended for kidney share.
The prostate is a hard-hit middle-aged men. Every day to eat a pumpkin seed (50 grams) can not guarantee its harassment.

Twenty-five life, luxury items, and you have how much

 Can walk the world carrying a bag of health
2 comfortable work.
3 windy days always someone to remind you add clothes .
4 there was asleep when her mother or husband to help you cover is .
5 wear cheap T shirt is also very splendidly healthy body.
6 hand written good character .
7 would like to travel there is always able to talk to friends willing to leave company.
8 every day ease of sleep.
9 will enjoy the beautiful heart and enjoy the beautiful mood.

10 had a meaningful and well-being .

11 a church you love and be loved in man.
12 willing to pay at your baby.
13 heart forever freedom.
14 brings up the ethos of others .
15 dare to give up.
16 can withstand .
17 to accept and cherish the gift of life .


18 sowing harvest personal experience happiness.
19 collection feelings and memories of a pool of items .
20 -year-old home to their heart forever .
21 ocean of mind.
22 can keep a promise.
23 tasted the food.
24 occasionally make a little worse. :)
25 you can think of a romantic thing a reality ~

Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, and application of relevant visual signs

 The round ball seemed to symbolize the earth we live without rules is like winding the fiber lines, the deterioration of the carbon dioxide emissions constantly enveloped and wrapped the entire planet. Blue, although with the intention of science and technology, but low saturation Blue is an actual situation can be expressed, with the lines formed by cutting three-dimensional density, the role of design to the visual theme of the conference, including the thickness of the font application of heterozygosity, and the contrast between graphics, not grabbing graphics position will not be ignored. is a unique design that I never forget.
- on the map to see a demonstration of changes in the original concept of this graphic, but the designer did not use the background color to white with the low saturation of the blue, this is a wise approach. dioxide at room temperature, although the odorless, colorless gas, but using the visual look clean white makes an exception, this is tantamount to undermining the , and beige with very shallow response to address this actual situation may be the graphic to reflect the composition of the concept of energy, while gathering or divergence is the problem we face.
- at the meeting site is the color used in the form of exchange, in addition to meeting space that allows the formation of the focus of attention, but also to graphic sense of power to maximize performance.
(after the language)
- This is really a cause for envy and amazement of visual graphics, we can imagine, in such a concept with a special conference on the theme of climate change, the discussion is how the reduction to a seemingly nothingness of objects and need to make the concept of practical action to change the subject, the designer how to master the performance of the theme or spirit? This is what has been mentioned before the design of several words

Tang Min, two interviews and information about the RMB exchange rate issue Zhang

 Note: The following shorthand for the interview, without my review, the paper can not help but have a large number of clerical error. But this time the color debate, dialogue, strong, well worth reading, huh, huh.
Value of the two sessions held in the early stage of work and information in China Economic Net Net China Development Research Foundation invited Mr. Tang Min, Deputy Secretary-General and the Secretary-General of Chinese Academy of International Finance Research Centre Mr. Zhang Ming, about the RMB exchange rate issue. and telecommunications network for the network broadcast. (19: 09)
Moderator: ; new structure, new opportunities interviews. We are proud of the invitation to the National Development Research Foundation deputy secretary general Professor Tang Min. (19: 43)
Tang Min: and telecommunications network of listeners and viewers, how are you! (19: 43)
Moderator: And one is, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Research Center of International Finance Secretary Dr. Zhang Ming. (19: 43)
Zhang: you friends, good evening. (19: 44)
Moderator : I am the host of Cho-Chou Kuo today. we talk about the topic is very hot before, some time ago may be a bit cold, heat up the topic recently, that is, the RMB exchange rate issue. RMB exchange rate this year may be . (19: 44)
Moderator: After the financial crisis, into the recovery stage as the representative of the United States seems to attack the West again in the last year, largely aimed at such as the U.S. President Barack Obama in a series of different occasions that he would issue RMB exchange rate taking a tough line to address US-China trade imbalance. The ; was published an editorial highly critical of China's exchange rate policy. why Western countries are so desperately at this time to take the RMB exchange rate that matter? (19: 45)
Min Tang: the exchange rate issue is actually a cliche to talk about for many years, sometimes tight, sometimes loose, probably with the United States domestic politics, the U.S. domestic economic situation is very relevant. attend to this issue some time ago, against his crisis to deal with depreciation of the dollar, etc., may not attend to this problem . In addition, Obama has just come to power, probably a lot of problems to be resolved. (19: 46)
Tang Min: Obama recently began to consider a new economic policy, especially to promote his export, export promote employment, export-led recovery. China, as by what they said These claims, including Paul and former IMF chief economist Jason, and now also talk about these issues, Professor at MIT. (19: 46)
Min Tang: This issue has not entirely academic issue as it has been talk about a lot. of course, there is another group, the Nobel Prize in Economics is also a scholar, but also that the RMB exchange rate issue is not the core issue, the U.S. trade deficit, China's trade surplus, including the world's economic imbalances have many other reasons, exchange rate not the primary concern. take the exchange rate that matter, has his problems. (19: 46)
Moderator: Dr. Chang, is not because the U.S. economic recovery, like Tom said, now I'm the teacher To increase the manufacturing industry, increase exports, the main factor for this? (19: 47)
Zhang: I think two factors, from a global perspective, in the second half of 2008 and 2009, this time Among other countries, China was exporting more than 20% of negative growth, but also a significant decline in economic growth, this time we feel that China, like me, no need to blame you. But from 2009 onwards we can see, China is now both GDP growth rate, or the year the export growth rate was significantly higher than these countries. China's economy thriving, and of course bring the Chinese say, and I think this is the first cause. (19: 47)
Zhang: No. for two reasons, the reasons for the United States, the U.S. unemployment rate is now almost 10% of voters Obama's support from the initial attitude, start wandering into everyone now. This year the second half of the U.S. mid-term elections, according to our historical experience, high unemployment rate coupled with mid-term elections must equal the trade protectionism, so the United States needs to create an external enemy, ease voter anger, naturally the currency crisis, as U.S. exports adversely, leading to low growth important reason why the United States is a matter of course. (19: 47)
Moderator: We see this time and the RMB exchange rate issue is raised again, there are problems the euro, the euro trouble uproar, we lost confidence in the euro, both of Is there a link between? (19: 53)
Min Tang: I think this is not complete, there may be some impact, or the time it happened, because the more problems the euro is the European economy itself, particularly the European Development countries, or relative in the second tier European countries, showing their current issues, including debt, including financial problems, and now more and more exposure, which resulted in the euro when their own confidence. Also relative to the United States, European economic recovery, and worse than the U.S., so the resulting blow to the euro. (19: 54)
Moderator: Although this period RMB pegged to the dollar, the euro depreciated against the U.S. dollar is very powerful, appreciation of the RMB against the euro or the very powerful, this time looking for this reason seems not very appropriate. (19: 54)
Zhang: I think the sovereignty of the financial crisis broke out in Europe, the appreciation pressure on RMB exchange rate is two two aspects, one is pegged to the dollar, the dollar appreciated in Europe, partly ease the appreciation of the RMB exchange rate. In addition, the situation is so bad the euro, the European trade protectionism will be more severe external pressure to revalue its currency more serious. another level Now still excess global liquidity, the euro depreciated assets less attractive in the yuan will be more attractive, there will be short-term capital inflows into China, increasing pressure of RMB appreciation. (19: 54)
Moderator: Barack Obama and some Western scholars, the main problem is that the yuan exchange rate led to the Sino-US trade imbalance and even international trade imbalance, is it true? Sino-US trade imbalance between what factors? (19: 54)
Tang Min: Various scholars have different models, different theories yield different results, because it itself is a very complex issue. Is there a trade surplus or a deficit is because the exchange rate has caused? we see Germany, Japan, has long been a kinds of exchange surplus, the exchange rate is sometimes on, sometimes, we can say that he was completely free market economy, increase in the case. (19: 55)
Tang Min: Also, now we feel more and more Chinese people In fact, better than what the Chinese foreign cheap, actually more expensive. Recently I met in Thailand, was the same product much cheaper than domestic in Thailand. (19: 55)
Moderator: Because more and more people going abroad Many people abroad have this feeling back. (19: 55)
Tang Min: Last year I went to the U.S., we buy a lot of groups of products to the United States, you say the product is a high possibility, and now even the general's pants is equal to cheaper abroad than in China, the Chinese yuan is not necessarily overvalued? several recent Western estimates are very alarming estimate that the yuan was overvalued by 41%. Recent MF chief economist, he believes the RMB overestimated 20% to 40%, which is how come? this consistent with the facts? these things if we allow the so-called experts, the so-called theory of the so-called model, at least I think it is very misleading, the RMB appreciation can not be 40% our business can not stand, it should not support this argument, no matter from which perspective. Of course different people have different views, different models, the problem is that we now how to send to our own voice. (7:55 p.m. )
Zhang: The question I want to talk about three points, the first point, the mainstream view that China's trade surplus with the U.S. interpretation of existence, the Chinese savings rate, the U.S. savings rate is low, because the current account surplus equal to the reduction of domestic savings of a country domestic investment, it should be decided within the external causes, and only this point of view that the exchange rate is not important, even if the RMB exchange rate appreciation, the Chinese current account surplus in the United States still exists. (19: 56)
Zhang: The second point, immediately by the U.S. economists ask, since the Chinese people feel that China's revaluation will not affect exports to the U.S., then you worry about? So from that point of view, the exchange rate is not the most important, but it also will affect China's exports to the U.S. important factor. (19: 56)
Zhang: The third point, we believe that if we think that the RMB should be revalued, the Americans should not be led by the nose. like Tom the teacher said, many of the U.S. to revalue its currency will always , the terms were too harsh. Conversely, a few years ago it was considered undervalued against the dollar by 40%, but I would like to remind them that in 2005 and 2008 we have already risen by 21%, 40% of you say, you have There is no reason? (19: 56)
Moderator: There is also a point of view, the teacher looked at the left post, you said the RMB against the U.S. trade imbalance is the most important factor, but the exchange rate reform, the RMB against the U.S. dollar has been appreciated a lot, but this time the trade surplus was still there, at least not decrease. From this factor precisely that Sino-US trade imbalance in the exchange rate had little effect. (19: 56)
Tang Min: Yes, the evidence can prove that He also said that you can rise enough, you rose 50%, 60% not bad looking even worse, the say. now for us Chinese, we argue this thing is not used directly, the key we see their appreciation of the renminbi is greater than our own pros and cons of interest, or more harm than good, it would like to know, and we decided that our exchange rate policy. (19: 57)
Min Tang: I recently wrote an article, I think we are the U.S. dollar the exchange rate itself has a misunderstanding, and we stared at dollars, we seem to be a fixed exchange rate of RMB, but from the U.S. point of view, from the perspective of the yen, the euro point of view we are changing every day, every minute, every second is changing. China's trade up or with Europe, is not with the United States, we are now looking at the dollar, fought all day, in the end right. (19: 57)
Min Tang: I now propose a new method, we have to jump out of this ideas, we are to truly re-formulate our exchange rate policy, to achieve lasting solution to these problems. I propose that we have to a basket of currencies, we also said before a basket of currencies, but said that a basket of currencies or U.S. dollars. even primarily U.S. dollars, we are now also the extent of the dollar too much to do, this is the first. (19: 57)
Tang Min: Second, you said a package, but not from any of the figures to prove that you really are a package, and You basket in the end who is much, a little opaque, you have a non-transparent, then everyone to speculation that you may have to appreciate, even if the appreciation will come again. In the past we appreciate by 20%, this is not to reduce trade, trade The surplus did not reduce, or even more of. (19: 57)
Tang Min: how to do? First, we have to do a package, because from the perspective of our country, do you really want this exchange rate stable, in fact, should be in one basket, we are not only trade with the United States. Second, the basket should be transparent, opaque, they say he has come to you a package of speculation. (19: 58)
Tang Min: how to do this specific ? I said that if this is the case, first package, second, to be transparent, I suggest that in the present case I stare directly at SDI, he was a small basket, he is the dollar, euro, Japanese yen, British pound, between There is a very transparent, very fixed ratio. U.S. 40, 30 euro, yen how much is very clear. I pegged the RMB in accordance with this, you all very clearly, how they change every day I was changing in accordance with this basket . or there will be speculation, but this speculation is not blocking you devaluation of RMB appreciation, is to look at the dollar, euro, Japanese yen currency changes between. (19: 58)
Min Tang: What are the benefits of this approach? There are several benefits. the first one, I really become a stable RMB exchange rate, because I was more than currency stability in accordance with the exchange rate. (20: 01)
Tang Min: Second, my business, or the international community to see I have the exchange rate is changing every day, Americans can not say I did not change against the dollar, so that our enterprises to gradually adapt to changes in exchange rates, because our business a long time staring at the dollars, we do not reflect changes in the exchange rate the RMB to float sooner or later, so we now have a process. (20: 01)
Min Tang: the third, the RMB can be part of the play through the role of international currency, international currency Chinese yuan to go slowly . But in the present circumstances the International Monetary you want, for example, you have to appreciate, you have a subsidy equal to the appreciation of him. (20: 02)
Moderator: Do you not staring at the U.S. currency as an international currency. (20: 02)
Min Tang: But you're staring at a package of SDR, he had a certain sense, like buying stocks when he is to buy an index, he bought a package. This package of investments in itself the significance of which . For example, we now ETS's five o'clock on the card, I bought up five o'clock I bought an average, you hold the RMB is equivalent to holding the four currencies, the RMB exchange rate I am moving the exchange rate than the other are small, this can speed up the RMB internationalization process. (20: 02)
Tang Min: Finally, this world is so unfair, the dollar is too strong, we are now promoting a variety of exchange rate policies. We are the so-called floating interest rate policy, the actual is the beginning of 73 years, 73 years ago, the exchange rate is fixed over the world. We have such a package if the exchange rate, or SDR, some time ago that we push the SDR, but the SDR is virtual, but very important, as the currency of RMB, staring at the SDR, then maybe we will slowly push the currency out of another one. (20: 02)
Min Tang: China to do so, it is likely that some countries do, SDR could become reality. of course I said stare SDR is not necessarily a death staring at me, I might stare at an SDR, I get ten, some more, but I have to do a transparent basket, do not do a non-transparent basket. People say you're transparent basket completely out of control. Anyway, U.S. is not looking out of control, you lose more control, so this point I think we have a new idea. (20: 02)
Moderator: Dr. Chang how the teacher's point of view to see Tom. (20: 05)
Zhang: Tom pegged to a basket into the teacher about the merits I agree, but I would like to make three slightly different view. First, the exchange rate pegged to a basket The same may be overestimated and underestimated, the choice to see the base rate. If we choose the current exchange rate of RMB against the U.S. dollar, Japanese yen, British pound package to do, people will accuse you also underestimated, and now ask these countries, they think you are underestimating the bilateral exchange rate the. (20: 05)
Zhang: The second point, SDR against the dollar, the euro, the pound has it's proportion. that from the economics we usually pegged to a basket of trade structure associated with that country, or associated with the import structure , or associated with the export structure. SDR exchange rate in accordance with the proportion of do and nothing to do with China, the so-called co inappropriate worth discussing. (20: 06)
Zhang: The third point, the exchange rate in the final analysis is a national domestic funds and price ratio of foreign capital, from the perspective of the real exchange rate is a national trade balance, trade balance of non-parity, the exchange rate should be based on your country's economic strength and economic strength relative to other countries, the adjustment process, it is generally not a large country practice exchange rate regime pegged to a basket. At present we look at the world countries, only about a country such as Singapore, he was strict exchange rate regime pegged to a basket, we have implemented a package pegged exchange rate would solve some problems. (20: 06)
Zhang Ming: I own point of view, I think that the RMB to appreciate, is the appreciation of China's domestic economic situation, but the appreciation of the renminbi is not a single policy, I learned from it in two levels. (20: 06)
Zhang: No. First, the appreciation of the renminbi is now to achieve two objectives, the final appreciation of the renminbi is to allow domestic resources in the non-tradable goods and trade goods to balance the two departments, which is the goal. But this process, we need to do two things, first things, the impact of the export sector to make it is controllable. (20: 06)
Zhang: The second thing to be able to curb the inflow of hot, it should combine the flexibility and transparency. And I that the appreciation of the renminbi needs to have two complete work, the first work in the same time appreciation of the renminbi, the domestic market to adjust factor prices, factor prices do not adjust it, not on behalf of the RMB is going up inside and outside the real price. Second, strengthen supervision of capital projects, the process of hot money out of exchange rate adjustment is inevitable, so you have to minimize the appreciation of the process on the foreign trade sector and the impact of asset prices and market. (20: 06)
Min Tang: I agree with Chang Dr. just said, after adjusting for exchange rate adjustment factor prices before, because of China's problems, many economists view is that the exchange rate is overvalued, undervalued we do not know, because we have other price distortions within the very severe, factor prices, land prices, labor prices, these distortions are very powerful. (20: 06)
Min Tang: Do not shun this tune, you just go to adjust the exchange rate may result in greater distortion, and this distortion also very dangerous, because you are with the international standards. For example, we now see very clearly that we have low incomes of migrant workers, we should have been migrant workers have social insurance, which should have medical insurance, should have had the normal social welfare , but for various reasons we did not. should now be added to this, you go after these are added, this time we look at the exchange rate also Gao Bugao it? may then not high, why? because after that time Our cost is very high, we do not get so many ports, it is possible appreciation of the RMB should not be devalued. (20: 07)
Min Tang: So the first thing we should be quicker to step up the price of these elements, including land price . Of course, the price you say all straightened out and then do a long time. but we few key prices, energy prices, the basic labor discussions, which should quickly get up. In addition, we some other prices, including our the price of some social welfare, to seize the time to straighten out the future of these, this time we look at our exchange rate is how a situation. This is a. (20: 07)
Tang Min: Second, I recently, an idea, what if the foreign than domestic cheap, why do we import so little? you say Chinese products shipped to the United States cost so much, why not sell these products in China? you said that Chinese demand enough? so much large package travel abroad, carry packets back, why Xiaofei not? is likely to have problems in our import mechanism, we may have in the past for a long time for various reasons, may we import mechanism too many obstacles, some obstacles may not that is the obstacle, we do not know it. we are now considering how to increase China's imports. (20:07)
Moderator: It may not just be imported, many products exported to foreign countries than in China, the domestic distribution system a lot of problems. (20: 07)
Tang Min: Now many people say the first Chinese domestic tax is too high, the second, we too high transaction costs and logistics costs, and if so, then we ourselves would like to solve the problem . otherwise you will never know about these things, but there is no reason these problems began, started, we rush to move the exchange rate may be far away, they might cause more problems. (20: 07)
Zhang: First, I very much agree with Tom teachers mentioned these two points, the first point, elements of market reform should be earlier than the exchange rate reform. The second point is very important to rationalize the import mechanism. But I want to talk about is We talked about how much less price reform? we change it? In fact, the prices of the various elements of the reform will have interest groups to block, in addition to the recent rise in wages of migrant workers, this is not the factor price adjustment can become an opportunity, we are now still waiting to see. In fact, we compare the look, we also believe that the exchange rate is only one factor prices, but instead we think the price compared to other factors, such as interest rate market, we feel that a further increase in the exchange rate flexibility could be easier. rate market, how would you look at the commercial banks against. (20: 08)
Zhang: The second point, let's import mechanism problem, in fact, while the pressure of RMB appreciation from the foreign exchange reserves continue to accumulate foreign exchange reserves accumulation partly because the increase in exports, on the other hand we have absorbed a lot of FDI. Now China is a relatively capital abundant country, and then absorb so much FDI, in particular, so much excess to foreign orders also reasonable unreasonable? (20: 11)
Moderator: This fact has been discussed for a long time. (20: 11)
Zhang: I think there is a way to ease the appreciation pressure, should be changed double surplus, I admit that there are often years ahead we account surplus, we should match with the capital account deficit, even lower FDI, at least to foreign and domestic companies alike. In addition, we have to let more Chinese enterprises overseas mergers and acquisitions, of course, in addition to state-owned enterprises, we should allow private enterprises to overseas mergers and acquisitions. (20:11)
Zhang: I want to say, we have recently met with private companies to make overseas acquisitions policy level, a lot of resistance, the money was his own money, how he should make his own decisions, even if failure they would exchange a lot of valuable experience. (20: 11)
Moderator: We have many people in China on the yuan exchange rate appreciation, the devaluation of the problem, we special care and concern, when the Plaza Accord in Japan, most people know, but Many people think that was precisely because of the Plaza Accord, made the United States to suppress the yen appreciation, which leads to the decline of the Japanese economy for years. (20: 13)
Moderator: It was the Plaza Accord Plaza Accord was not because of the appreciation of the yen Japan's economy was a result of such a situation? This seems also controversial. appreciation of the yen against the Japanese economy in the end what kind of situation? a great blow to him, or good? is also controversial. including you Dr. Chang Japan had a very long time until you compare this piece of history is to understand. (20: 13)
Zhang: We also continue and the Bank of Japan Ministry of Finance officials, including many Japanese economists have had exchanges, they think Plaza agreement itself not enough to just have such a big bubble in Japan, so Japan's economic bubble a more important reason, so that appreciation of the yen, the Japanese government fears the decrease in import and export of the role of Japan's tight, so for a long time to implement too loose monetary policy for a long time low interest rates, which yields a very significant asset price bubbles. (20: 13)
Zhang: The second point, many many articles reflect on the Plaza Accord, they found that the appreciation of the Plaza Accord the Japanese currency, agreement to bring value-added exports to Japan increased, the Forced appreciation of the Japanese industry. (20: 13)
Zhang: a conclusion, in fact, the bubble mechanism, more macroeconomic imbalances, exchange rate policy and monetary policy with the process is a problem, I think this is the Chinese government is particularly worthy of our wake-up call. (20: 14)
Min Tang: I agree with this question, said Dr Cheung, this problem is in fact the main problem is not the exchange rate, but rather the exchange rate After things. but this thing is not necessarily the Chinese can really not such a big impact? I doubt it. you say appreciation of 3%, 2%, will not have much impact, I agree that not even 5% have much impact. (20: 14)
Min Tang: But if the appreciation of 40% or even 80% as the yen, 70%, you will want to have a great impact on China? I think that the impact of certainly significant. recent appreciation of the renminbi business to do a stress test, of course, not necessarily accurate, many companies say that I can not stand this, you have to appreciate 1%, 2% I can not stand. (8:15 p.m. )
Moderator: I want to feel different in different types of enterprises, such as Baosteel, I was a net importer of iron ore, for me I would greatly reduce the cost. (20: 15)
Tang Min: Yes, we are on the whole, a small amount of RMB appreciation, purely political purposes, in order to resist the pressure of western countries about a small amount of appreciation, chipping away of moving about on the Chinese economy will not have a significant impact, this I do not doubt. However, if in the short term a lot of appreciation, as he expected, I think that the Chinese economy still has a great impact. Japan was worried about is not groundless, and he 30000000000-200 billion, and finally to 70, certainly has his problems. (20: 15)
Moderator: And the situation, the Plaza Accord on Japan did not force him to rise so high, and later rose so much that the requirements of his own initiative. ( 20: 19)
Min Tang: The increase of the things you once then he forces you to continue to rise, the RMB rose by 3% now, will definitely up again, because we expect is 40%, 40% of you to rise to his would say 60%, 80%, he will continue to quarrel, because those things you want to listen to him no peace in the country. We now have a very good policies that 2%, 3%, he will follow You argue, you are not satisfied his 40%, he would have been arguing with you. (20: 19)
Min Tang: Do you dare to rise into the 40%? our businesses can not afford 40%? economists that the yuan talk From the year, within six months rose to 40%, from more than seven money into more than four, it is impossible for Chinese enterprises and China's economy is not a huge impact. So this is the core of the problem, not the problem of rising rise, if do some general problem is not the appropriate point of l, but the problem is there will be more symbolic of the rise of people come. (20: 19)
Tang Min: Now you simply do not move, but the past six months, one year came in less, as you move later, we think that once you move can move twice, move twice to move ten times. turn the pressure he told us the same, since you can with the 3%, 5%, why not Activity 10% 41% counted, why can not you rise 41%? This is a very complex matter, we must fully consider this matter. (20: 19)
Zhang: I agree with Professor Tang argument, we can not allow the yuan to annual 40%, of our people 40% of the equilibrium exchange rate is not so much that we can afford, according to our appreciation of their own needs and controllable, one can not appreciate substantially, so that we can not stand. (20 : 19)
Zhang: The second point, we turn this view, assuming that the RMB exchange rate has indeed been underestimated, both inside and outside the formation of a consensus, the Chinese government to carry long? you refuse to minor adjustments, I have to maintain some 6.8 In the last there must be a big adjustment. We feel that through the gradual appreciation of the small, supplemented by more stringent controls on hot money, which can release the pressure on the yuan, which is the better deal with the international aspects of pressure on a good result. (20 : 20)
Zhang: I am rational and restrained, as a responsible big country, now not only the developed countries, emerging markets are also increasing our dissatisfaction, I can adjust, but I have to tell you, I already risen more than 20%, and the domestic factor prices are not adjusted, and said I'm sorry, I'm sure the rise is gradual, I slowly adjusted to a substantial transfer of domestic factor prices than to make him a better balance. Even I can give a long timetable, I think I'm a long term commitment to the appreciation of the process, certainly more than I do not rise, it seems more appropriate point in the outside world. (20: 20)
Tang Min: Now There are several problems, the first question, it is not already formed a consensus in the community, that the yuan undervalued. because the yuan is undervalued or overvalued in the end, just what we say abroad cheaper than China, why the renminbi undervalued? (20: 21)
Zhang: I can say that the logo is the central bank does not intervene in the foreign exchange market, the exchange rate to get there. (20: 21)
Moderator: China's exchange rate is the exchange settlement system. (20:21)
Zhang: Now exchange settlement and sales have been largely liberalized. (20: 21)
Min Tang: The question now is put the central bank of light, others are letting go, how much of this released? This is not reasonable, we had reasonable and rational, can not say that you put this place, you see how much he is, you put another hold? else I did not put light before I put this, so now is the equilibrium exchange rate of RMB in the end how much one can say now is not clear. (20: 22)
Min Tang: In such circumstances, we can only be said to be pressing, I would have you think I appreciate the appreciation, people think you are not pressing , there will be more than two years, the problems more than three years, the constant influx of hot money, we continue to have this problem. You say we have the views of many countries, you as a great power, a rising power, any time people will have any comments, you now treats us that developing countries have different views, opinions have always been. (20: 22)
Tang Min: you can not provide their views, no comments or so, we first have to consider our own views. United States is considering his own policy, our views on his big, big for his opinion of developing countries, he considered that others do not? He did not take into account, we first want to clear himself before his own, we want to solve this thing, the most well there is a mature solution, otherwise it will cause even greater distortions, that is the case with the last few years is exactly the same. (20: 22)
Zhang: I did a few responses, we can not have a timetable, I RMB exchange rate does not rise, within the next five years to straighten out all the prices to further liberalize the exchange rate when the Chinese government has no such courage? five years, long enough, I straighten out the domestic factor prices , we can not do this. (20: 23)
Moderator: Now may be related to the domestic decision-makers do not believe that the domestic factor price distortions. (20: 26)
Zhang: We talk about the RMB exchange rate has been flexibility of RMB exchange rate floating is good for us. I give two examples, in 2009 China's export tax rebate 700 billion yuan, then why do we export tax rebates, to preserve jobs. At that time Chen said we have 20 million unemployed migrant workers, we are more 25 million migrant workers, with 700 billion yuan is expected to do the export tax rebate, why do not you put 700 billion subsidy to 2500 people? I think you are to maintain an undervalued exchange rate through a, plus the export tax rebate to boost export growth, capital growth and employment, circles ...

Institutions how to implement pay for performance

 Institutions to implement pay for performance may be encountered during the ten questions

mm Tan Youmao
many of our institutions are made for the implementation of performance pay in full swing with all aspects of preparation. Performance management is a worldwide problem, not being understood, institutions must implement pay for performance is the implementation of performance management process will certainly encounter difficulties. I study and implementation of performance management nearly five years, accumulated some experience. a time when institutions and the implementation of pay for performance Many people give much attention on the occasion, a business unit asked me to talk about how the performance evaluation, and precautions. I talked about the following view:
Question One: institutions that raise additional merit pay up?
institutions to engage pay for performance, some people believe that a raise in disguise, and some think not. in the end it is up wages, the key need to look at two aspects:
First, performance pay from the general source of performance pay
There are two forms (or modes)
Mode One: In the past, cut out a piece of total wages for performance pay.

form of merit pay is certainly not a complete > Type II: an additional part of the income of the content, specifically as a pay for performance.
original new performance pay additional wages have increased
model two real nature of wages or a wage, but not fully determined that the is rising wages, it is directly related to how to deliver the distribution.
Second, the rules of distribution of performance pay
We believe that performance pay should be a reward in nature. It should be a unit or individual job performance over target, wages.
Therefore, even if the source of institutional units is the part of the second mode m as a new mode of performance pay, but the distribution of the principle of wages should not be regarded as a , may be regarded as a raise, directly or indirectly, it does not have the effect of performance pay, would not achieve the desired incentives.
Thus, performance pay will rise to become a disguised form of wage, is that really to motivate employees to work harder role, the key is how to allocate payment of incentive pay, more in-depth to say, the key is whether a unit to establish an effective performance management (or performance evaluation) mechanisms.
question two: Why institutions To set up merit pay?
Why pay for performance business units, in addition to the officer referred to In the traditional
First, the introduction of a new distribution mechanism with the idea, or to change the traditional idea of the distribution mechanism. The new allocation mechanism and the idea to break the traditional contribution to the size of the level of responsibility and ability as a basis for allocation of public institutions, reflecting the distribution of a new value orientation.
two, so that distribution as a tool to achieve unit goals and means. through a new distribution methods, promotion of and security units in a desired goal, to better complete the various tasks.
three traction units and staff behavior. Performance management can be different at different times reflect the priorities and task-oriented, change work units and staff focus and task-oriented, change or traction units and individuals. In many companies, performance appraisal has become a towing company and employee behaviors most effective tool. For example: by changing the performance index or the index weights, guide the staff concern and attention certain aspects of the work, increase investment in certain areas, certain aspects of the work from the surface to make improvements or breakthrough.
Fourth, improve our work, improve performance and capacity. through performance management, especially in the performance management process, the units and staff understanding and awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of their work, and for the lack of improvements to enhance the performance and ability to achieve the purpose. in the world, who regard the success of performance management improvements, improve performance and capacity as the main purpose of .
V. Jiangqinfalan. This is performance management, performance pay the most original, most basic functions.
six, breaking egalitarianism. wage system and institutions, the breeding of the egalitarian; often bad about doing a good job, do a little more like, or even more but earn less phenomenon. The basic wage system does not have the incentive. public institutions to introduce pay for performance, should be broken to some extent, egalitarian, or institutions that make a reasonable number of the wage distribution.
seven, the introduction of management methods and tools. In the past, the income and institutions can not do also very limited), so that managers lose traction under the act of a management tool. implement pay for performance, can provide managers with a powerful and effective means and tools of management.
three issues: the performance of institutions wages can play its function? or you may become a fixed salary?
or less from the part of some companies have taken the lead institution for the performance management practice situation. Now the implementation of pay for performance business units, its performance Wages should be able to perform functions in the end, will become a fixed wage, the key is to prevent the following problems can avoid:
First, there is merit pay, but not the establishment of performance management or performance allocation mechanism.
II performance management or performance appraisal mechanism m behind the unit or can not effectively evaluate staff performance status.
Third, although a good performance management system, methods and tools, but the implementation of strict, performance management becomes a form management process going through the motions, so that scientific performance management system exists in name only.
Fourth, the traditional concept of m, such as deep-rooted egalitarian ideology, or units of poor leadership, or unit leaders are determined not firm, can not change the status quo.
five, fear of change, fear of change, or do not want to work hard, do not want to take risks, lack of confidence in unit leadership and determination, or lack of ability and courage, just want to go on pay for performance can be made, do not want to take this opportunity to introduce performance management system to strengthen performance management. < br> June, wants to do good, but also spent a lot of effort, but due to lack of experience, ability ineffective, the results of the established performance management systems, or outdated, or incomplete, can not achieve the intended purpose.
If a unit of the above questions, you can view their performance management largely ineffective, or basic failure; its performance pay will not be able to function; performance pay will inevitably become another form of fixed income. which in many enterprises and institutions is profound lessons.
relative to enterprises, institutions or the implementation of performance management, the implementation of m performance pay, more prone to these problems, mainly due to:
one institutional reasons. In the past, institutions for a long time wage income is national funding (now the vast majority are still national funding institutions), and national funding, and their income levels and units of state and individual job performance is almost unrelated, the mechanism is a kind of income Official Standard and even asked for its inability to generate income, some pure public service units, some with social management functions, some education, medical institutions, their level of performance is difficult to measure performance and individual performance is difficult to distinguish.
three weak foundation. There are many institutions of management mechanism is not perfect, imperfect, weak basic management. such as responsibility, rights, benefits, or not clear, or unrelated. Therefore, implementing modern performance management to make the course too much, difficult, non-short-term or by their own capacity to complete.
four institutions egalitarianism, big pot of state-owned enterprises more serious than in the past. to change it, many a time is unacceptable, in a period of time various contradictions and conflicts will certainly increase the difficulty of the work unit leadership will be a corresponding increase. Therefore, all units carry out performance management of risk will have many concerns and even fears.
Fifth, lack of experience and talent. all business unit managers, almost no experience in performance management, but also are related to the performance of management personnel reserve.
six, with less experience can learn. As far as I know, the real implementation of enterprise management, business performance management few units. As far as I know, the real implementation of enterprise management, performance management and institutions rarely, the institutions necessary to implement pay for performance performance management experience m very mature, especially with less experience will inevitably detours, go back and run into various problems.
Therefore, the implementation of pay for performance of public institutions, from the beginning to avoid and prevent every possible means to avoid
the problems mentioned above.
question four: Why do so many people oppose, disgust, fear of performance pay?
set the starting point of performance pay and awareness is certainly positive, positive, but in the past by some companies and institutions engaged in the performance pay and performance management is not very popular and even met a lot of people against it. sometimes not only fail to effectively motivate people to work ethic, but affect people's emotions, or have a strong negative effect. Therefore, there have been many people, especially m performance management performance evaluation questions and even hold opposition. study of its cause, I do not think performance appraisal performance management m or there are problems, but some units made a mistake, messed up, engaged in a side.
the most common is that many units in performance appraisal completely as become a behavior and good performance, lead them to do better, to encourage them to create more outstanding achievements.
Although the incentive is a negative incentive, including, but not to become a dominant negative incentive, otherwise the incentive will become a horrible blow, rather than incentives. Perhaps, the negative incentive for some people, or in some cases may have some effect, to see some results, but long-term, fundamentally, its role is mostly negative The.
another approach is more common, even many people think is right and proper, that is, for the wages and bonuses or performance appraisal. The purpose of assessment is to be assessing the separation of rank who and so on. Although they can be well reflected m or Jiangqinfalan rewards and punishment, but critics m opponents argue that such a performance management function is not fully play out, or that the main function does not play, because modern performance management or that we set the fundamental purpose of performance pay, as a means to promote and traction units and employee behavior change to enhance performance and improve the work. and some units wages or the performance of those who will be assessing the separation of rank such as a primary objective.
some units, only the personnel department for the performance evaluation. the personnel department personnel departments who do not understand the situation, not familiar with the work of other departments, often engaged in closed-door evaluation, assessment often going through the motions; addition, because the employer sector managers do not really participate in performance management, personnel department from the examination actually easier to work, reach the purpose of improving work incentives. and the corresponding performance pay, performance evaluation is meaningless .
question five: nine, so that wages bonuses to be treated differently. I thought this be the performance evaluation of the Yes, but the assessment of people do not want to face-lift, to continue, I call it forced assessment examination must be a person of rank or grade separation.
and performance of a given month is the best one to 83, according to > As a result, the company made of gold and the Strategy ten feet high, performance evaluation of many units of one of the most troublesome. Experience tells us, the harm is a direct result of failure to complete performance management, and ultimately put an end to performance management.
institutions conducting performance management, the first necessary Beware of or avoid the above problems.
of Six: Performance Management (appraisal) who work?
actually raised the issue a matter of five need to be more deep thinking, deep concern, namely: the performance management process , which should be a manager what role? performance management for each manager, it means what? Who do performance management?
I worked in many companies and institutions as a consultative survey: performance appraisal m or human resources management who work? eighty percent or more of the people considered to be human resources or personnel departments.
This may be a problem five, The manager's performance appraisal as an extra work, that is a personnel department to help work as one of the trouble is not his own. Therefore, they do not want responsibility, do not want too scared to sinners, to meet this work.
general managers believe that performance management is not only a human resources management areas, should be attributed to human resources or personnel department, many executives think so and so is required, this is really a big mistake especially m wrong, this is inherited from the traditional personnel management tasks and responsibilities of positioning.
modern performance management (appraisal), is designed for all managers under a management tool and method; is to control and use of management This tool, traction under the act, under a clear focus and direction to promote the continuous improvement of the work of subordinates, and program management, goal management and performance assessment of organic integrated whole, in order to effectively achieve business objectives.
institutions to implement pay for performance, in fact, is to build the units so as to promote the performance management system, to all managers provide a management tool and method.
If you can not achieve this purpose, the function of merit pay off at least percent seventy.
seven issues: whether the shortcuts, and alternatives?
engage in performance management, performance pay can function effectively it?
I think: must be with the unit, and the individual's work performance-related, otherwise it would no longer pay for performance.
but to performance-related, they must engage in performance management; and to performance management, performance management mechanism must be established; and performance appraisal Performance management is a common form.
not establish performance management or performance appraisal system, there is no performance management platform, there is no corresponding standard, there is no corresponding tools, there is no corresponding management methods and tools; it can not effectively identify and judge the performance of a unit and individual condition, but no traction unit and individual behavior and improvements.
if some units wages in the implementation of pay for performance, trying to cut corners, or find some alternative performance management When performance pay is not performance based.
question eight: just make the personnel department to engage in, will you?
my answer is yes: construction management, difficult, involves a wide range of capabilities and personnel departments of the right to not
Wei and alone is not enough personnel departments.
to establish performance management (appraisal) system, which is not behavior of a department, but the company
behavior, senior managers should take personal charge of this work, and managers should be involved in the mobilization of all sectors and the importance of this work.
I am also a perception that public institutions to introduce Performance schedule information, the first related to the introduction of
management philosophy, to change some people's ideas. but only to change the general staff can not solve the problem, first change the units should be number one or top management concepts and consciousness, which is the personnel department staff of difficult.
lessons tell us: the performance management system to do the personnel department threw the Ministry of Personnel goalkeeper is very difficult, or low efficiency, performance management system for a long time unable to establish a sound; or execution is not enough, not by expected to promote; or not be pushed down, hindered by the parties; or become a mere formality, as a form of performance management.
The reason why the vast majority of unit personnel department threw a single performance system to do, usually there are three reasons: First, unit leaders have not yet fully understand the purpose and value of performance management, or that the institutions to implement pay for performance, simply as a general payment of wages; Second, light management, re-operations, not consider this work as An important work; third is due to traditional habits, ideas, or shape over the years in personnel management behavior, and no sense of human resource management.
Nine: institutions can directly follow the performance evaluation performance evaluation of enterprises you?
my view is: whether in institutions or enterprises, performance appraisal ideas, methods and tools are interlinked. At home, many places (such as Qingdao City, Jiangsu, Nantong, Shanghai Yangpu District authorities, Luoyang City, Henan, etc.) of the Government, business performance evaluation, are quoted for reference or to adopt some business success directly to the performance evaluation of the ideas, methods and tools, and proven to be effective; in the West, such as the United States, 90 of the last century early, the Clinton administration for the national performance assessment, performance evaluation is a direct way to learn business success stories.
visible during the performance management of public institutions, can and should learn and draw on business experience in this regard.
However, we believe that this study and reference, not a simple imitation, but can not be mechanically to accept, as we say enterprise performance management and business units in the thinking, methods and tools are interlinked, it is refers to the is a non-market institutions (or non-full market) the nature of economic organization, as well as institutions of social and public service nature, will make performance appraisal and performance evaluation of the specific business operation, there is a big difference. It includes different assessment modes, assessment criteria, assessment indicators, assessment methods and so not the same.
Therefore, business units and learn from the experience of successful enterprises, when performance appraisal, but not gulping.
Not only that, Even public institutions, also have different properties and characteristics of public institutions is different clients and different ways, in establishing their performance management system, they must The most important process is the most difficult to establish standards of performance appraisal do?
Some people think that the performance appraisal process and institutions in the most difficult of the most important is to establish standards of performance appraisal, which is a grain of truth. because of, the establishment of performance appraisal standard is the basis for performance evaluation of each unit, and, as a result of the different nature of the units, assessment indicators new issues, may need to optimize the sound appraisal standards.
However, according to our experience in the performance appraisal process, what is much more more important. For example, as well as in the performance of the survey we have done the following more difficult is the recognized more important:
not only concerned about results, but also concerned about the assessment process, carried out in the process of coaching, performance management and control, performance feedback, performance incentives and performance improvement, security performance results, this is the performance of modern science examination of the essence, but also many of the units performance management ideal state;
In addition, the evaluation results effectively, objectively feedback to the appropriate team and individual, continue to make the new team and individual objectives, new improvement points, to improve the direction and requirements, so that their work can continue to improve, capacity has been increasing. in the performance management of many units, we must persevere to do this is not easy, but this is what can truly reflect the performance The value of management.
Another point is that performance management itself needs continuous improvement. any kind of management, methods and tools, can not be perfect; and with the development of things and people's understanding of development, will They generate new knowledge. Therefore, the need for appropriate models, methods and tools for improvement, continuous innovation required. For example: Modern e-performance management performance management has traditionally posed a challenge to force us to carry out performance management innovation. Thus, performance management, continuous improvement is the life, is the most difficult and most important.